The development of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies is having an increasingly significant impact on regional processes, particularly on the pace and quality of innovation-driven growth. In the context of ongoing economic transformation, it is essential to understand the specific opportunities that AI opens up for regional systems, as well as the challenges that may arise during its implementation. This study explores the role of AI technologies in enhancing innovation performance at the regional level, using the Belgorod Region as a case study, where interest in digital solutions across sectors has notably increased in recent years. The main objective of the research is to identify the areas where AI can have the most substantial impact on stimulating innovation processes. The study focuses on assessing the current state of the region’s innovation potential, identifying barriers to AI adoption, and analyzing the conditions that contribute to its effective application. The methodological framework is based on elements of systems and comparative analysis, as well as the examination of real-life regional case studies. As a result of the analysis, the paper proposes an adaptive innovation management model built on AI tools, which takes into account the region’s infrastructure, human resources, and level of digital maturity. The practical value of the study lies in the applicability of its findings to the decision-making processes of both public authorities and businesses. The proposed approaches may be used in the development of regional strategies aimed at increasing competitiveness, economic resilience, and investment attractiveness.